What is Australia’s Indigenous ‘Voice to Parliament’ campaign?

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SYDNEY — Australia plans to hold a federal referendum later this year to constitutionally recognize its Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people through the establishment of a representative Voice that will provide non-binding advice to the parliament.

Here’s what you need to know about Australia’s ‘Voice to Parliament’ campaign:

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WHO ARE AUSTRALIA’S INDIGENOUS PEOPLE?

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are the Indigenous people of Australia.

They represent about 3.2% of its population. The more than 800,000 Indigenous people and their ancestors have inhabited the land for about 65,000 years. They comprise several hundred groups that have their own histories, traditions and languages.

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WHAT ARE THE ISSUES?

Australia’s Indigenous population shrank after the British colonization in 1788 as they were dispossessed of their land, exposed to new diseases, forced to work in slave-like conditions, and killed by colonizers.

The marginalization of Australia’s First Nations people has continued until recent years.

Aboriginal people track below national averages on most socio-economic measures and suffer disproportionately high rates of suicide, domestic violence and imprisonment. Their life expectancy is about 8 years lower than non-Indigenous people.

One in three Indigenous children were forcibly removed from their families over 1910 to the 1970s in a bid to assimilate them into white society. The government apologized for the so-called ‘Stolen Generation’ in 2008.

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ARE OTHER FORMER BRITISH COLONIES BETTER?

First Nations people in other former British colonies continue to face marginalization, but some countries have done better in ensuring their rights.

Canada recognizes the rights of its Indigenous people under the Constitution Act 1982.

New Zealand created Maori seats in parliament, allowing the indigenous population to choose to vote for candidates for these seats or participate in the general election.

Te reo Maori has been recognized as an official language and is used in schools, universities and public offices.

HOW DID THE VOICE REFERENDUM COME ABOUT?

Indigenous people began to be included in Australia’s census figures after a referendum to amend the constitution in 1967, more than 60 years after it was established as a nation in 1901.

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In 2017, about 250 First Nations representatives gathered at the sacred monolith landmark of Uluru in central Australia and produced the Uluru statement from the Heart, which calls for a First Nations Voice enshrined in the Constitution.

The conservative government at the time rejected the call.

In 2022, Labor’s Anthony Albanese became prime minister and said Australians would have their say in a referendum to include an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice to Parliament.

Australia has so far only passed eight out of 19 referendums.

WHO IS FOR AND AGAINST THE VOICE?

A poll by The Australian newspaper showed 56% of voters support the change in the constitution, while 37% oppose it.

The referendum is one of Albanese’s key issues and he has staked much of his political capital on it.

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Left-wing Greens party, Independent lawmakers, several welfare groups, national religious and ethno-religious groups support the referendum.

But there are those who oppose it on both sides of the political divide.

Outspoken Indigenous leader Lidia Thorpe quit the Green party over concerns about the Voice proposal. She wants a treaty between the government and indigenous people, similar to what exists in New Zealand and Canada.

The conservative Liberal Party has not said if it would support a “yes” vote and the rural-based National Party said it would oppose. The Liberals and the Nationals have a long-standing coalition agreement.

A “no” campaign, or “Recognise a Better Way” campaign, has proposed to set up an all-party parliamentary committee to focus on the rights of native title holders instead of the referendum.

(Additional reporting by Lucy Craymer; Editing by Himani Sarkar)